楔形文字字符Cuneiform

U+12000 - U+123FF

𒀀U+12000
𒀁U+12001
𒀂U+12002
𒀃U+12003
𒀄U+12004
𒀅U+12005
𒀆U+12006
𒀇U+12007
𒀈U+12008
𒀉U+12009
𒀊U+1200A
𒀋U+1200B
𒀌U+1200C
𒀍U+1200D
𒀎U+1200E
𒀏U+1200F
𒀐U+12010
𒀑U+12011
𒀒U+12012
𒀓U+12013
𒀔U+12014
𒀕U+12015
𒀖U+12016
𒀗U+12017
𒀘U+12018
𒀙U+12019
𒀚U+1201A
𒀛U+1201B
𒀜U+1201C
𒀝U+1201D
𒀞U+1201E
𒀟U+1201F
𒀠U+12020
𒀡U+12021
𒀢U+12022
𒀣U+12023
𒀤U+12024
𒀥U+12025
𒀦U+12026
𒀧U+12027
𒀨U+12028
𒀩U+12029
𒀪U+1202A
𒀫U+1202B
𒀬U+1202C
𒀭U+1202D
𒀮U+1202E
𒀯U+1202F
𒀰U+12030
𒀱U+12031
𒀲U+12032
𒀳U+12033
𒀴U+12034
𒀵U+12035
𒀶U+12036
𒀷U+12037
𒀸U+12038
𒀹U+12039
𒀺U+1203A
𒀻U+1203B
𒀼U+1203C
𒀽U+1203D
𒀾U+1203E
𒀿U+1203F
𒁀U+12040
𒁁U+12041
𒁂U+12042
𒁃U+12043
𒁄U+12044
𒁅U+12045
𒁆U+12046
𒁇U+12047
𒁈U+12048
𒁉U+12049
𒁊U+1204A
𒁋U+1204B
𒁌U+1204C
𒁍U+1204D
𒁎U+1204E
𒁏U+1204F
𒁐U+12050
𒁑U+12051
𒁒U+12052
𒁓U+12053
𒁔U+12054
𒁕U+12055
𒁖U+12056
𒁗U+12057
𒁘U+12058
𒁙U+12059
𒁚U+1205A
𒁛U+1205B
𒁜U+1205C
𒁝U+1205D
𒁞U+1205E
𒁟U+1205F
𒁠U+12060
𒁡U+12061
𒁢U+12062
𒁣U+12063
𒁤U+12064
𒁥U+12065
𒁦U+12066
𒁧U+12067
𒁨U+12068
𒁩U+12069
𒁪U+1206A
𒁫U+1206B
𒁬U+1206C
𒁭U+1206D
𒁮U+1206E
𒁯U+1206F
𒁰U+12070
𒁱U+12071
𒁲U+12072
𒁳U+12073
𒁴U+12074
𒁵U+12075
𒁶U+12076
𒁷U+12077
𒁸U+12078
𒁹U+12079
𒁺U+1207A
𒁻U+1207B
𒁼U+1207C
𒁽U+1207D
𒁾U+1207E
𒁿U+1207F
𒂀U+12080
𒂁U+12081
𒂂U+12082
𒂃U+12083
𒂄U+12084
𒂅U+12085
𒂆U+12086
𒂇U+12087
𒂈U+12088
𒂉U+12089
𒂊U+1208A
𒂋U+1208B
𒂌U+1208C
𒂍U+1208D
𒂎U+1208E
𒂏U+1208F
𒂐U+12090
𒂑U+12091
𒂒U+12092
𒂓U+12093
𒂔U+12094
𒂕U+12095
𒂖U+12096
𒂗U+12097
𒂘U+12098
𒂙U+12099
𒂚U+1209A
𒂛U+1209B
𒂜U+1209C
𒂝U+1209D
𒂞U+1209E
𒂟U+1209F
𒂠U+120A0
𒂡U+120A1
𒂢U+120A2
𒂣U+120A3
𒂤U+120A4
𒂥U+120A5
𒂦U+120A6
𒂧U+120A7
𒂨U+120A8
𒂩U+120A9
𒂪U+120AA
𒂫U+120AB
𒂬U+120AC
𒂭U+120AD
𒂮U+120AE
𒂯U+120AF
𒂰U+120B0
𒂱U+120B1
𒂲U+120B2
𒂳U+120B3
𒂴U+120B4
𒂵U+120B5
𒂶U+120B6
𒂷U+120B7
𒂸U+120B8
𒂹U+120B9
𒂺U+120BA
𒂻U+120BB
𒂼U+120BC
𒂽U+120BD
𒂾U+120BE
𒂿U+120BF
𒃀U+120C0
𒃁U+120C1
𒃂U+120C2
𒃃U+120C3
𒃄U+120C4
𒃅U+120C5
𒃆U+120C6
𒃇U+120C7
𒃈U+120C8
𒃉U+120C9
𒃊U+120CA
𒃋U+120CB
𒃌U+120CC
𒃍U+120CD
𒃎U+120CE
𒃏U+120CF
𒃐U+120D0
𒃑U+120D1
𒃒U+120D2
𒃓U+120D3
𒃔U+120D4
𒃕U+120D5
𒃖U+120D6
𒃗U+120D7
𒃘U+120D8
𒃙U+120D9
𒃚U+120DA
𒃛U+120DB
𒃜U+120DC
𒃝U+120DD
𒃞U+120DE
𒃟U+120DF
𒃠U+120E0
𒃡U+120E1
𒃢U+120E2
𒃣U+120E3
𒃤U+120E4
𒃥U+120E5
𒃦U+120E6
𒃧U+120E7
𒃨U+120E8
𒃩U+120E9
𒃪U+120EA
𒃫U+120EB
𒃬U+120EC
𒃭U+120ED
𒃮U+120EE
𒃯U+120EF
𒃰U+120F0
𒃱U+120F1
𒃲U+120F2
𒃳U+120F3
𒃴U+120F4
𒃵U+120F5
𒃶U+120F6
𒃷U+120F7
𒃸U+120F8
𒃹U+120F9
𒃺U+120FA
𒃻U+120FB
𒃼U+120FC
𒃽U+120FD
𒃾U+120FE
𒃿U+120FF
𒄀U+12100
𒄁U+12101
𒄂U+12102
𒄃U+12103
𒄄U+12104
𒄅U+12105
𒄆U+12106
𒄇U+12107
𒄈U+12108
𒄉U+12109
𒄊U+1210A
𒄋U+1210B
𒄌U+1210C
𒄍U+1210D
𒄎U+1210E
𒄏U+1210F
𒄐U+12110
𒄑U+12111
𒄒U+12112
𒄓U+12113
𒄔U+12114
𒄕U+12115
𒄖U+12116
𒄗U+12117
𒄘U+12118
𒄙U+12119
𒄚U+1211A
𒄛U+1211B
𒄜U+1211C
𒄝U+1211D
𒄞U+1211E
𒄟U+1211F
𒄠U+12120
𒄡U+12121
𒄢U+12122
𒄣U+12123
𒄤U+12124
𒄥U+12125
𒄦U+12126
𒄧U+12127
𒄨U+12128
𒄩U+12129
𒄪U+1212A
𒄫U+1212B
𒄬U+1212C
𒄭U+1212D
𒄮U+1212E
𒄯U+1212F
𒄰U+12130
𒄱U+12131
𒄲U+12132
𒄳U+12133
𒄴U+12134
𒄵U+12135
𒄶U+12136
𒄷U+12137
𒄸U+12138
𒄹U+12139
𒄺U+1213A
𒄻U+1213B
𒄼U+1213C
𒄽U+1213D
𒄾U+1213E
𒄿U+1213F
𒅀U+12140
𒅁U+12141
𒅂U+12142
𒅃U+12143
𒅄U+12144
𒅅U+12145
𒅆U+12146
𒅇U+12147
𒅈U+12148
𒅉U+12149
𒅊U+1214A
𒅋U+1214B
𒅌U+1214C
𒅍U+1214D
𒅎U+1214E
𒅏U+1214F
𒅐U+12150
𒅑U+12151
𒅒U+12152
𒅓U+12153
𒅔U+12154
𒅕U+12155
𒅖U+12156
𒅗U+12157
𒅘U+12158
𒅙U+12159
𒅚U+1215A
𒅛U+1215B
𒅜U+1215C
𒅝U+1215D
𒅞U+1215E
𒅟U+1215F
𒅠U+12160
𒅡U+12161
𒅢U+12162
𒅣U+12163
𒅤U+12164
𒅥U+12165
𒅦U+12166
𒅧U+12167
𒅨U+12168
𒅩U+12169
𒅪U+1216A
𒅫U+1216B
𒅬U+1216C
𒅭U+1216D
𒅮U+1216E
𒅯U+1216F
𒅰U+12170
𒅱U+12171
𒅲U+12172
𒅳U+12173
𒅴U+12174
𒅵U+12175
𒅶U+12176
𒅷U+12177
𒅸U+12178
𒅹U+12179
𒅺U+1217A
𒅻U+1217B
𒅼U+1217C
𒅽U+1217D
𒅾U+1217E
𒅿U+1217F
𒆀U+12180
𒆁U+12181
𒆂U+12182
𒆃U+12183
𒆄U+12184
𒆅U+12185
𒆆U+12186
𒆇U+12187
𒆈U+12188
𒆉U+12189
𒆊U+1218A
𒆋U+1218B
𒆌U+1218C
𒆍U+1218D
𒆎U+1218E
𒆏U+1218F
𒆐U+12190
𒆑U+12191
𒆒U+12192
𒆓U+12193
𒆔U+12194
𒆕U+12195
𒆖U+12196
𒆗U+12197
𒆘U+12198
𒆙U+12199
𒆚U+1219A
𒆛U+1219B
𒆜U+1219C
𒆝U+1219D
𒆞U+1219E
𒆟U+1219F
𒆠U+121A0
𒆡U+121A1
𒆢U+121A2
𒆣U+121A3
𒆤U+121A4
𒆥U+121A5
𒆦U+121A6
𒆧U+121A7
𒆨U+121A8
𒆩U+121A9
𒆪U+121AA
𒆫U+121AB
𒆬U+121AC
𒆭U+121AD
𒆮U+121AE
𒆯U+121AF
𒆰U+121B0
𒆱U+121B1
𒆲U+121B2
𒆳U+121B3
𒆴U+121B4
𒆵U+121B5
𒆶U+121B6
𒆷U+121B7
𒆸U+121B8
𒆹U+121B9
𒆺U+121BA
𒆻U+121BB
𒆼U+121BC
𒆽U+121BD
𒆾U+121BE
𒆿U+121BF
𒇀U+121C0
𒇁U+121C1
𒇂U+121C2
𒇃U+121C3
𒇄U+121C4
𒇅U+121C5
𒇆U+121C6
𒇇U+121C7
𒇈U+121C8
𒇉U+121C9
𒇊U+121CA
𒇋U+121CB
𒇌U+121CC
𒇍U+121CD
𒇎U+121CE
𒇏U+121CF
𒇐U+121D0
𒇑U+121D1
𒇒U+121D2
𒇓U+121D3
𒇔U+121D4
𒇕U+121D5
𒇖U+121D6
𒇗U+121D7
𒇘U+121D8
𒇙U+121D9
𒇚U+121DA
𒇛U+121DB
𒇜U+121DC
𒇝U+121DD
𒇞U+121DE
𒇟U+121DF
𒇠U+121E0
𒇡U+121E1
𒇢U+121E2
𒇣U+121E3
𒇤U+121E4
𒇥U+121E5
𒇦U+121E6
𒇧U+121E7
𒇨U+121E8
𒇩U+121E9
𒇪U+121EA
𒇫U+121EB
𒇬U+121EC
𒇭U+121ED
𒇮U+121EE
𒇯U+121EF
𒇰U+121F0
𒇱U+121F1
𒇲U+121F2
𒇳U+121F3
𒇴U+121F4
𒇵U+121F5
𒇶U+121F6
𒇷U+121F7
𒇸U+121F8
𒇹U+121F9
𒇺U+121FA
𒇻U+121FB
𒇼U+121FC
𒇽U+121FD
𒇾U+121FE
𒇿U+121FF
𒈀U+12200
𒈁U+12201
𒈂U+12202
𒈃U+12203
𒈄U+12204
𒈅U+12205
𒈆U+12206
𒈇U+12207
𒈈U+12208
𒈉U+12209
𒈊U+1220A
𒈋U+1220B
𒈌U+1220C
𒈍U+1220D
𒈎U+1220E
𒈏U+1220F
𒈐U+12210
𒈑U+12211
𒈒U+12212
𒈓U+12213
𒈔U+12214
𒈕U+12215
𒈖U+12216
𒈗U+12217
𒈘U+12218
𒈙U+12219
𒈚U+1221A
𒈛U+1221B
𒈜U+1221C
𒈝U+1221D
𒈞U+1221E
𒈟U+1221F
𒈠U+12220
𒈡U+12221
𒈢U+12222
𒈣U+12223
𒈤U+12224
𒈥U+12225
𒈦U+12226
𒈧U+12227
𒈨U+12228
𒈩U+12229
𒈪U+1222A
𒈫U+1222B
𒈬U+1222C
𒈭U+1222D
𒈮U+1222E
𒈯U+1222F
𒈰U+12230
𒈱U+12231
𒈲U+12232
𒈳U+12233
𒈴U+12234
𒈵U+12235
𒈶U+12236
𒈷U+12237
𒈸U+12238
𒈹U+12239
𒈺U+1223A
𒈻U+1223B
𒈼U+1223C
𒈽U+1223D
𒈾U+1223E
𒈿U+1223F
𒉀U+12240
𒉁U+12241
𒉂U+12242
𒉃U+12243
𒉄U+12244
𒉅U+12245
𒉆U+12246
𒉇U+12247
𒉈U+12248
𒉉U+12249
𒉊U+1224A
𒉋U+1224B
𒉌U+1224C
𒉍U+1224D
𒉎U+1224E
𒉏U+1224F
𒉐U+12250
𒉑U+12251
𒉒U+12252
𒉓U+12253
𒉔U+12254
𒉕U+12255
𒉖U+12256
𒉗U+12257

楔形文字是源于底格里斯河和幼发拉底河流域的古老文字,约公元前3200年左右由苏美尔人发明,是世界上最早的文字之一。在其约3000年的历史中,楔形文字由最初的象形文字系统,字形结构逐渐简化和抽象化,文字数目由青铜时代早期的约1000个,减至青铜时代后期约400个。已被发现的楔形文字多写于泥板上,少数写于石头、金属或蜡板上。书吏使用削尖的芦苇杆或木棒在软泥板上刻写,软泥板经过晒或烤后变得坚硬,不易变形。楔形文字被许多古代文明用来书写其语言,但这些语言之间并不一定属于相同关联的语系,例如赫梯人和波斯帝国同样采用楔形文字,但这两个语言是与苏美尔语无关的印欧语系。另外阿卡德人虽然也采用楔形文字做为书写工具,但阿卡德语和苏美尔语差异相当多。由于多在泥板上刻画,所以线条笔直形同楔形,使用芦苇杆或木棒来压印在泥板上来方便书写,因此文字笔画大都为具三角形的线条,而字形也随着文明演变,逐渐由多变的象形文字统一固定为音节符号。英语的cuneiform源于拉丁语,是cuneus(楔子)和forma(形状)两个单词构成的复合词,而阿拉伯人则称之为“الخط المسماري‎”(al-khaṭṭ al-mismārī,意思是“钉头文字”)。
楔形文字在1618年于波斯阿卡曼尼王朝的首都波斯波利斯首次被发现,早前被认为是建筑上的装饰图形,后来于1657年首度被抄录出版,但直到1712年,才开始有学者解读这些失落的古文字。1765年,德国学者尼布尔在波斯古都波斯波利斯附近的村庄比希屯(Bihitun)发现一个摩崖石刻并拓得铭文摹本,此贝希斯敦铭文引起西方学术界重视。此后经英、法、德、丹麦、爱尔兰等国的学者们一百多年的钻研,这种文字才得以逐渐限免,其中英国人罗林森的贡献较为突出。
楔形文字的破译与古埃及象形文字的破译过程非常相似,依靠位在伊朗西部山壁上发现的贝希斯敦铭文来进行破译工程。破译方法是从古希腊人记述的一则波斯碑文,人们已知其希腊文内容,可以与后来发现的相应的波斯楔形文字的原文相互对照。但这种楔形文字与苏米尔、巴比伦和亚述的楔形文字无共同之处。直至18世纪末到19世纪,其他楔形文字才一一被解读出来。解读顺序如下:波斯楔形文字-新埃兰楔形文字-巴比伦楔形文字-苏米尔楔形文字(因苏美尔与其他楔形文字所属的语系完全不同)。后来考古发现,现在称为楔形文字的美索不达米亚古代文字,其实是起源于图画式象形文字,最初的文字外观形象不像楔形,只是一些平版图形。这些古老文字表达较为直接且写法也相当简单,并用复合符号方式来表达复杂或抽象的概念,后来还发展类似中国文字般一字多义的符号。随着文明进展与交流范围增广,需要愈来愈多的表达的事物,原始的象形图示已不符合需求,于是苏美尔人用简化符号与增加代表意义,将文字改变为表意文字,由图形引申出符号意义。苏美尔人随着征服领土渐增,于是再进一步用发音符号代替表意符号,最后发展出表词音节文字,逐渐用楔形符号代替象形符号,最后确立了以音节表意的楔形文字。
当一个楔形文字用于单词拼写或在句子中充当语法结构时,原来该字表示的意思便不复存在,如苏美尔语中的AN,词意为“天”或者作为/an/的音符:ba-an-dù(他建造)中,AN表示主语是第三人称,于“天”的意思无关,读作diĝir则意为“神”。在阿卡德语中借用了该字符表示“神”的意思,但读作ilum,ilu,il,后来发展成了一新音符/il/(igi眼),作为数词“千”时读lim,或构成单词a-wi-lim人的。