The term that the radical historian and ecologist Ivan Illich ( 1926-2002) used in his wide-ranging book tools for conviviality was "the multiple balance". 激进历史学家与生态学家伊万伊里奇(ivanillich,1926-2002)在其广泛流传的著作《陶然自得的工具》(toolsforconviviality)中使用的术语是“多点平衡”。
The first balance that is out of kilter, according to Illich, is the "precarious balance between man and the biosphere". 在伊里奇看来,第一个失常的平衡是“人类与生物圈之间的脆弱平衡”。
In fact Illich identified six "mutually reinforcing stresses, each distorting the balance of life in a different direction". 事实上,伊里奇确定了“相辅相成的六大重点,每一种都会让生活向某一方向失衡”。
Illich reminds us that our human constitution requires us to question ends – who we are, how we should live a good life both individually and collectively – not merely to pursue means. 伊里奇提醒我们:人类的本性要求我们自己要置疑目的我们是谁?应该如何让个体与集体都过上好日子而不是仅仅去追求手段。
In1976, the writer Ivan Illich warned in a book, limits to medicine that "the medical establishment has become a major threat to health". 1976年,作家伊万伊利奇在他《医学的局限性》一书中曾说:“医学界成了健康的最大威胁”。
Illich and Freire speak from experience of the impoverished third world of Latin America. 伊利奇和弗雷尔从贫穷的拉丁美洲的第三世界的经历出发进行阐述。
Rationality behind the absurd-Enlightenment from Illich's Deschooling Society 荒诞背后的理性&伊里奇《非学校化社会》及其给我们的启示
Illich is a founder of the theory of "deschooling society" and a advocate of "deschooling movement". 伊里奇是非学校化社会理论的创始人和非学校化运动的倡导者。
A Study on the Learning Web Theory of Ivan Illich's 伊里奇学习网络理论探析
Having examined carefully the school from another extreme, Illich criticized on the modern school, then proposed the viewpoint of deschooling society. 伊里奇却从另一个极端重新审视学校,对现代学校进行了猛烈的抨击,提出废除学校的主张。
On ILLICH's "Deschooling Society" Theory& "Deschooling society" theory under the angle of criticizing schooling 伊里奇去学校化思想述评&学校批判视角下的去学校化理论
Based on many methods such as literature research, historical research, inductive analysis and comparative analysis, some personal views are expressed about the deschooling educational thoughts of Illich. 本文将主要采用文献整理法、历史研究法、归纳分析法、比较分析法等多种研究方法,对伊里奇的非学校化教育思想阐述个人己见。
However, the thoughts of Illich are complex, involving many areas, with different kinds of understanding. 然而,伊里奇的思想纷繁复杂,涉及领域众多,人们对其理解也各不相同。