by

prep.

1. 靠近；在…旁边
   near sb/sth; at the side of sb/sth; beside sb/sth
   1. a house by the river
      河边的一所房子
   2. The telephone is by the window.
      电话在窗户旁边。
   3. Come and sit by me.
      过来挨着我坐。
2. （常置于表示被动的动词后，表示使为者）
   used, usually after a passive verb, to show who or what does, creates or causes sth
   1. He was knocked down by a bus.
      他被公共汽车撞倒了。
   2. a play by Ibsen
      易卜生写的剧本
   3. Who's that book by?
      谁是那本书的作者？
   4. I was frightened by the noise.
      我被那响声吓坏了。
3. （表示方式）
   used for showing how or in what way sth is done
   1. The house is heated by gas.
      这房子是煤气供暖的。
   2. May I pay by cheque?
      我能用支票付款吗？
   3. I will contact you by letter.
      我会给你写信联系的。
   4. to travel by boat/bus/car/plane
      乘船 / 公共汽车 / 轿车 / 飞机
   5. to travel by air/land/sea
      坐飞机；经陆路 / 海路
   6. Switch it on by pressing this button.
      按下这个开关启动它。
4. （置于不带the的名词前，表示原因）由于
   used before particular nouns without the , to say that sth happens as a result of sth
   1. They met by chance.
      他们不期而遇。
   2. I did it by mistake.
      我误做了这事。
   3. The coroner's verdict was ‘death by misadventure’.
      验尸官判定是“意外致死”。
5. 不迟于；在…之前
   not later than the time mentioned; before
   1. Can you finish the work by five o'clock?
      你五点钟前能完成工作吗？
   2. I'll have it done by tomorrow.
      我将于明天之前让人做完这件事。
   3. By this time next week we'll be in New York.
      下星期的这个时候我们将在纽约。
   4. He ought to have arrived by now/by this time .
      他现在应该已经到了。
   5. By the time (that) this letter reaches you I will have left the country.
      你收到这封信时，我已离开这个国家了。
6. 经过
   past sb/sth
   1. He walked by me without speaking.
      他一言不发地从我身边走过。
7. 在…期间；处于某种状况
   during sth; in a particular situation
   1. to travel by day/night
      白天 / 夜间旅行
   2. We had to work by candlelight.
      我们不得不借助烛光工作。
8. （表示程度、数量）
   used to show the degree or amount of sth
   1. The bullet missed him by two inches.
      子弹只差两英寸就击中他了。
   2. House prices went up by 10%.
      房价上涨了10%。
   3. It would be better by far (= much better) to…
      那比…好得多。
9. 从…看；依；按照
   from what sth shows or says; according to sth
   1. By my watch it is two o'clock.
      我的表是两点钟。
   2. I could tell by the look on her face that something terrible had happened.
      从她的脸色我可以看出，发生了可怕的事情。
   3. By law, you are a child until you are 18.
      按照法律规定，18岁之前是未成年人。
10. （表示触及或抓住的人或物的部分）
    used to show the part of sb/sth that sb touches, holds, etc.
    1. I took him by the hand.
       我拉着他的手。
    2. She seized her by the hair.
       她揪住她的头发。
    3. Pick it up by the handle!
       抓着手柄把它提起来！
11. （与the连用，表示时间或量度单位）
    used with the to show the period or quantity used for buying, selling or measuring sth
    1. We rented the car by the day.
       我们按日租用汽车。
    2. They're paid by the hour.
       他们的报酬是按小时计算的。
    3. We only sell it by the metre.
       我们只按米出售。
12. （表示速率）
    used to state the rate at which sth happens
    1. They're improving day by day.
       他们在一天天地改进。
    2. We'll do it bit by bit.
       我们会一点一点地做。
    3. It was getting worse by the minute (= very fast) .
       情况急速恶化。
    4. The children came in two by two (= in groups of two) .
       孩子们一对一对地走了进来。
13. （补充有关出生地、职业等的信息）
    used for giving more information about where sb comes from, what sb does, etc.
    1. He's German by birth.
       他是德国血统的。
    2. They're both doctors by profession.
       他们两人的职业都是医生。
14. （起誓时用）以…的名义
    used when swearing to mean ‘in the name of’
    1. I swear by Almighty God…
       我以全能上帝之名发誓…
15. （表示尺寸时用）
    used to show the measurements of sth
    1. The room measures fifteen feet by twenty feet.
       房间15英尺宽20英尺长。
16. （用于乘除运算）
    used when multiplying or dividing
    1. 6 multiplied by 2 equals 12.
       6乘以2等于12。
    2. 6 divided by 2 equals 3.
       6除以2等于3。

adv.

1. 经过
   past
   1. Just drive by. Don't stop.
      直接开过去。别停车。
   2. He hurried by without speaking to me.
      他没和我说话就匆匆过去了。
   3. Excuse me, I can't get by.
      劳驾，请让开点路。
   4. Time goes by so quickly.
      时光飞逝。
2. （表示保留或保存时用）
   used to say that sth is saved so that it can be used in the future
   1. I've put some money by for college fees.
      我已经存了些钱作大学学费。
3. 短暂拜访
   in order to visit sb for a short time
   1. I'll come by this evening and pick up the books.
      我今晚过来取书。

In addition to the uses shown below, by is used in phrasal verbs such as ‘abide by’, ‘put by’, and ‘stand by’.
除下列用法，by还可用于abide by, put by和 stand by等短语动词中。

The preposition is pronounced /baɪ/. The adverb is pronounced /'baɪ/. 用作介词时读作/baɪ/，用作副词时在句中重读。


1. PREP 由；被
   If something is done by a person or thing, that person or thing does it.
   1. The feast was served by his mother and sisters...
      这顿美餐是他母亲和他的姐妹们准备的。
   2. I was amazed by their discourtesy and lack of professionalism...
      他们的无礼和不专业让我震惊。
   3. The town has been under attack by rebel groups for a week now.
      一周来，该镇一直受到叛军的袭击。
2. PREP （图书、音乐、绘画等）由…（创作），出自
   If you say that something such as a book, a piece of music, or a painting is by a particular person, you mean that this person wrote it or created it.
   1. ...a painting by Van Gogh...
      一幅凡·高的画
   2. 'Jacob's Ladder', the newest film by Adrian Lyne, is a post-Vietnam horror story.
      阿德里安·莱恩的最新电影《雅各的天梯》讲的是一个发生在越战后的恐怖故事。

When you are talking about the author of a book or play, the composer of a piece of music, or the painter of a painting, you say that the piece of work is by that person or is written or painted by him or her. ...three books by Michael Moorcock. ...a collection of piano pieces by Mozart. When you are talking about the person who has written you a letter or sent a message to you, you say that the letter or message is from that person. He received a message from Vito Corleone.
谈论一本书、一部戏、一首乐曲或一幅画的创作者时，用by表示：three books by Michael Moorcock（迈克尔·穆尔科克写的3本书），a collection of piano pieces by Mozart（莫扎特钢琴曲集）。谈论信件或信息的发出者时，用from表示：He received a message from Vito Corleone（他收到维托·科莱奥内捎来的信息）。

3. PREP 靠；用；凭
   If you do something by a particular means, you do it using that thing.
   1. We'll be travelling by car.
      我们将开车旅行。
   2. ...dinners by candlelight.
      烛光晚餐
4. PREP 通过，凭借（做某事）
   If you achieve one thing by doing another thing, your action enables you to achieve the first thing.
   1. Make the sauce by boiling the cream and stock together in a pan...
      把奶油和高汤一起放在平底锅里熬煮来制作调味料。
   2. The all-female yacht crew made history by becoming the first to sail round the world...
      这艘游艇的船员为清一色的女性，她们进行了首次环球航行，创造了历史。
   3. By using the air ambulance to transport patients between hospitals, they can save up to £15,000 per patient.
      使用空中救护车在医院间运送病人，他们为每个病人节省的费用可达15,000英镑。
5. PREP （用于短语中）由于，出于（偶然或意外）
   You use by in phrases such as 'by chance' or 'by accident' to indicate whether or not an event was planned.
   1. I met him by chance out walking yesterday...
      我昨天外出散步时碰巧遇见了他。
   2. He opened Ingrid's letter by mistake...
      他不小心拆了英格丽德的信。
   3. Whether by design or accident his timing was perfect.
      不管是计划好的还是巧合，他对时机的把握堪称完美。
6. PREP 就（本性、职业或出身）而言
   If someone is a particular type of person by nature, by profession, or by birth, they are that type of person because of their nature, their profession, or the family they were born into.
   1. I am certainly lucky to have a kind wife who is loving by nature...
      拥有一个天性仁爱的贤妻，我当然很幸运。
   2. She's a nurse by profession and now runs a counselling service for women...
      她的职业是护士，现在开办了一个妇女咨询中心。
   3. Her parents were in fact American by birth.
      她的父母在血统上其实是美国人。
7. PREP 根据，按照（法律或某种标准）
   If something must be done by law, it happens according to the law. If something is the case by particular standards, it is the case according to the standards.
   1. Pharmacists are required by law to give the medicine prescribed by the doctor.
      法律规定药剂师必须按照医生开的处方配药。
   2. ...evening wear that was discreet by his standards.
      以他的标准来看相当朴素的晚礼服
8. PREP 说（某词语或某一番话）
   If you say what someone means by a particular word or expression, you are saying what they intend the word or expression to refer to.
   1. Stella knew what he meant by 'start again'...
      斯特拉知道他说“重来”是什么意思。
   2. 'You're unbelievably lucky.' — 'What do you mean by that?'
      “你真是太幸运了。”——“你这话是什么意思？”
9. PREP （用于表示抓住身体某部位或握住物体某部分）
   If you hold someone or something by a particular part of them, you hold that part.
   1. He caught her by the shoulder and turned her around...
      他抓住她的肩膀把她的身子转了过来。
   2. She was led by the arm to a small room at the far end of the corridor...
      她被拉着胳膊带到走廊另一头的一个小房间里。
   3. He picked up the photocopy by one corner and put it in his wallet.
      他拈着影印件的一角把它拿起来，放进了自己的钱包。
10. PREP 在…旁边；接近
    Someone or something that is by something else is beside it and close to it.
    1. Judith was sitting in a rocking-chair by the window...
       朱迪丝正坐在窗户边的一张摇椅里。
    2. Felicity Maxwell stood by the bar and ordered a glass of wine...
       费利西蒂·马克斯韦尔站在吧台旁，要了一杯红酒。
    3. Emma was by the door.
       艾玛站在门旁。
    4. By is also an adverb.
       
    5. Large numbers of security police stood by.
       大批秘密警察站在一旁。
11. PREP 经过；经由
    If a person or vehicle goes by you, they move past you without stopping.
    1. A few cars passed close by me...
       几辆车贴着我开过去。
    2. He kept walking and passed by me on his side of the street.
       他一直在街对面走着，并与街这边的我交错而过。
    3. By is also an adverb.
       
    4. The bomb went off as a police patrol went by.
       当一队巡警经过时，炸弹爆炸了。
12. PREP 在（某处停留）
    If you stop by a place, you visit it for a short time.
    1. We had made arrangements to stop by her house in Pacific Grove...
       我们已安排好去造访她位于帕西菲克格罗夫的家。
    2. Daddy called and asked me to drop by his office.
       爸爸打来电话让我去他办公室一趟。
    3. By is also an adverb.
       
    4. I'll stop by after dinner and we'll have that talk.
       饭后我会过去坐一会儿，到时我们再谈。
13. PREP 在…时候；到…之前；不迟于
    If something happens by a particular time, it happens at or before that time.
    1. By eight o'clock he had arrived at my hotel...
       到8点时，他已经到达我住的宾馆了。
    2. We all knew by then that the affair was practically over.
       到那时，我们都知道事情实际上已经结束了。
14. PREP 在（白天或夜晚）
    If you do something by day, you do it during the day. If you do it by night, you do it during the night.
    1. By day a woman could safely walk the streets, but at night the pavements became dangerous...
       白天的时候，妇女可以安全地在街上行走，而到了夜晚人行道上会变得很危险。
    2. She had no wish to hurry alone through the streets of London by night.
       她可不想独自在夜晚匆匆走过伦敦的街道。
15. PREP （乘或除）以
    In arithmetic, you use by before the second number in a multiplication or division sum.
    1. ...an apparent annual rate of 22.8 per cent (1.9 multiplied by 12)...
       22.8%的名义年率（1.9乘以12）
    2. 230cm divided by 22cm is 10.45cm.
       230厘米除以22厘米等于10.45厘米。
16. PREP 乘（表示长乘宽得出的居室等的面积）
    You use by to talk about measurements of area. For example, if a room is twenty feet by fourteen feet, it measures twenty feet in one direction and fourteen feet in the other direction.
    1. Three prisoners were sharing one small cell 3 metres by 2 metres.
       3个囚犯关在一个3米长2米宽的小牢房里。
17. PREP （表示增减的幅度）
    If something increases or decreases by a particular amount, that amount is gained or lost.
    1. Violent crime has increased by 10 percent since last year...
       暴力犯罪自去年以来增加了10%。
    2. Their pay has been cut by one-third.
       他们薪水降低了1/3。
18. PREP 以…计；按…计
    Things that are made or sold by the million or by the dozen are made or sold in those quantities.
    1. Parcels arrived by the dozen from America...
       包裹成打地从美国运来。
    2. Liberty fabrics, both for furnishing and for dressmaking, are sold by the metre.
       利伯蒂布按米出售，既可用作装饰又可作衣料。
19. PREP （表示事物的逐渐变化）
    You use by in expressions such as 'minute by minute' and 'drop by drop' to talk about things that happen gradually, not all at once.
    1. His father began to lose his memory bit by bit, becoming increasingly forgetful.
       他的父亲开始一点点地失去记忆，变得越来越健忘。
20. PHRASE 独自；单独
    If you are by yourself, you are alone.
    1. ...a dark-haired man sitting by himself in a corner.
       一个独自坐在角落里的黑发男人
21. PHRASE 独立（完成某事）
    If you do something by yourself, you succeed in doing it without anyone helping you.
    1. I didn't know if I could raise a child by myself.
       我不知道自己是否能够独自养大一个孩子。

1. The feast was served by his mother and sisters
   这顿美餐是他母亲和他的姐妹们准备的。
2. I was amazed by their discourtesy and lack of professionalism
   他们的无礼和不专业让我震惊。
3. The town has been under attack by rebel groups for a week now.
   一周来，该镇一直受到叛军的袭击。
4. 'Jacob's Ladder', the newest film by Adrian Lyne, is a post-Vietnam horror story.
   阿德里安·莱恩的最新电影《雅各的天梯》讲的是一个发生在越战后的恐怖故事。
5. We'll be travelling by car.
   我们将开车旅行。
6. Make the sauce by boiling the cream and stock together in a pan
   把奶油和高汤一起放在平底锅里熬煮来制作调味料。
7. The all-female yacht crew made history by becoming the first to sail round the world
   这艘游艇的船员为清一色的女性，她们进行了首次环球航行，创造了历史。
8. I met him by chance out walking yesterday
   我昨天外出散步时碰巧遇见了他。
9. He opened Ingrid's letter by mistake
   他不小心拆了英格丽德的信。
10. Whether by design or accident his timing was perfect.
    不管是计划好的还是巧合，他对时机的把握堪称完美。
11. I am certainly lucky to have a kind wife who is loving by nature
    拥有一个天性仁爱的贤妻，我当然很幸运。
12. She's a nurse by profession and now runs a counselling service for women
    她的职业是护士，现在开办了一个妇女咨询中心。
13. Her parents were in fact American by birth.
    她的父母在血统上其实是美国人。
14. Pharmacists are required by law to give the medicine prescribed by the doctor.
    法律规定药剂师必须按照医生开的处方配药。
15. Stella knew what he meant by 'start again'
    斯特拉知道他说“重来”是什么意思。
16. 'You're unbelievably lucky.' — 'What do you mean by that?'
    “你真是太幸运了。”——“你这话是什么意思？”
17. He caught her by the shoulder and turned her around
    他抓住她的肩膀把她的身子转了过来。
18. She was led by the arm to a small room at the far end of the corridor
    她被拉着胳膊带到走廊另一头的一个小房间里。
19. Judith was sitting in a rocking-chair by the window
    朱迪丝正坐在窗户边的一张摇椅里。
20. A few cars passed close by me
    几辆车贴着我开过去。
21. We had made arrangements to stop by her house in Pacific Grove
    我们已安排好去造访她位于帕西菲克格罗夫的家。
22. By eight o'clock he had arrived at my hotel
    到8点时，他已经到达我住的宾馆了。
23. By day a woman could safely walk the streets, but at night the pavements became dangerous
    白天的时候，妇女可以安全地在街上行走，而到了夜晚人行道上会变得很危险。
24. Three prisoners were sharing one small cell 3 metres by 2 metres.
    3个囚犯关在一个3米长2米宽的小牢房里。
25. Violent crime has increased by 10 percent since last year
    暴力犯罪自去年以来增加了10%。
26. Parcels arrived by the dozen from America
    包裹成打地从美国运来。
27. His father began to lose his memory bit by bit, becoming increasingly forgetful.
    他的父亲开始一点点地失去记忆，变得越来越健忘。
28. I didn't know if I could raise a child by myself.
    我不知道自己是否能够独自养大一个孩子。

prep.

by the by/bye

by the by/bye

adv.

by and by

• 不久；很快
  before long; soon
  1. By and by she met an old man with a beard.
     她不久就碰到了一个大胡子老头。

adv

1. in reserve
   1. started setting aside money to buy a car
   2. put something by for her old age
   3. has a nest egg tucked away for a rainy day

   Synonym:    asideaway

2. so as to pass a given point
   1. every hour a train goes past

   Synonym:    past